Showing posts with label starter. Show all posts
Showing posts with label starter. Show all posts

序言-使用手冊


使用手冊


本產品保證不含黑心化學成分,全部台灣生產製造,請安心服用。


筆者基於殘害社會理念,提供個人過去準備申請美國研究所經驗給學弟妹參考。本人不保證這套學習方法適用於每個人,亦不保證能獲致良好學習效果或申請結果。使用者需自行承擔使用本產品產生之作用及風險。ETS檢驗本產品可能有導致智商增加、英文變好、體重減輕、壓力消失等不可回復傷害。請放在同學無法觸及之高處及陰暗處,本產品含成癮化學成分,務必依照醫師指示服用。

服用方法

本部落格的六個書簽

一、起點

        關於留學一切的起點。所有的知識以及行動都從網頁置頂書簽的「起點」開始。這部分是專門寫給門外漢的入門背景知識。文字淺顯、內容廣泛。讓你從最初的「什麼是留學」到最後的「出國前準備」每一階段有基本的概念。
留學準備的各個階段

    

第一章:留學動機


二、申請資料準備
        包含了針對各項申請國外研究所需要的申請資料的準備方法。
     


三、TOEFL準備


四、GRE準備

五、範例


六、獎學金








第一章:留學動機



為什麼要留學?


如果你會看到這個部落格,表示你對留學應該是有些許的好奇。留學的原因有很多種。有人是大學畢業,想要到國外念個碩士鍍金,看看回國能不能找到更好的工作, 甚至是留在當地。有人則是已經有了工作經驗,想要出國充電,讓自己能在職場上更上一層樓。當然,也有人純粹是為了出國遊歷,享受不同於國內的大學生活。


你要有自己的理由

為什麼要出國留學?這個問題沒有標準答案。但是,你絕對需要有非出國留學不可的理由,這個理由將是你在申請過程中最大的精神支柱,支持你熬過漫長的準備與重重考試。這個動機也將是你在國外面對各種挑戰時,信念的基石。

留學應是手段而非目的

問問你自己,「你的人生志向是什麼?」很多人可能從來沒有想過這個問題,但是這個問題我認為是留學一切的原點。

留學的動機不應該是人云亦云,也不該是一時興起,而是出自於成就自我實現以及追求人生意義這類深刻的理想。唯有對自己的人生志向有明確方向、以及對自己想要怎麼樣的人生有清楚藍圖的人,才能把留學這塊拼圖擺放在正確的位置,作為追求實現自我的階梯。
請記住,留學不是目的,也不是終點。留學只是一種幫助你完成理想的手段、方法。如果留學對你的生涯僅止于增廣見聞、或是拿張文憑,這樣表淺的理由沒有辦法支持你度過漫長的申請,以及在國外所會遭遇的挫折。出自於追求理想而產生的「我必須要留學」的動機,最能內化為強烈的信仰,在遭遇困難時自然而然帶給你勇氣,以及在漫漫長夜時成為心中永不熄滅的燈塔。 當你能把困難與挫折當作日常生活的一部份,心存感激而不是怨天尤人,我相信留學生活絕對會成為你一生最重要,最豐富精彩的一頁。

留學不會是童話故事

 在還沒有出國之前,許多人可能對異國生活有著旖想。無論是歐洲的童話風情,還是美國好萊塢式的刺激,這都只是對異國生活的刻板印象。旅遊與生活是兩件事,生活有金錢、課業的壓力,以及每天重複上演的例行公事。不久之後,就會沖淡你對周遭事物的好奇,而你也開始對所謂的異國情調感到麻木,甚至覺得與國內沒有太大差別。一段時日下來,陪伴你的,可能只有晝短夜長以及刺骨寒風,你會開始懷念那小小的濕熱島嶼,懷念起地震和颱風。

語言
留學面臨的實際問題第一個就是語言障礙。無論你的英文講得多好,只要不是在國外長大,語言的障礙就會存在。如果你是到英文非母語國家求學,語言的障礙將會更大。有志前往外國求學者,應該儘早把外語學好,取得必須的外語考試證書(TOEFL,etc.)。並且把外語融入生活,而非一項科目。因為出了台灣,外語的掌握是越高越好,千萬不要怕自己英文太好。而英文的學習方式也非死背應記,而是應該假想在國外有哪些情境會使用到這些字,不必鑽研艱深的字詞,反而應該廣泛認識各種生活情境會用到的字,例如銀行辦存款,辦手機,繳房租,買菜等食衣住行相關單字。

文化
另外,文化差異也是許多台灣人常常面臨的問題。在國外常見的現象就是華人自己聚集成一個小團體,自絕於世界各國文化之外。在台灣認為是美德的謙卑,隨和,以及矜持,到了國外可能變成沒主見,缺乏男子氣概,以及有社交障礙。或是台灣人在溝通上可能比較委婉,不敢直接爭取自己的權利或是拒絕他人的要求,害怕正面衝突等,可能在當地造成誤會。此外,對他國的國情、法律不熟悉也常導致糾紛。如何在國外爭取、保障自己的權利是在國內讀研究所無法學到的生活技能。

開銷
前往第一世界,或是已開發國家留學,開銷往往大於國內。以美國為例,研究所一年的學費兩萬到五萬不等。加上生活費依學校地點,以及生活機能等差異極大。有些富裕區域的生活費極高。因此,如何支持自己的開銷是留學的第一要件。
 一般留學生經濟來源主要有:
1.自費
2.公費留考
3.獎學金(Fulbright,DAAD,etc.)
4.對方學校提供之Fellowships,Scholarships, Teaching assistant (TA), Research assistant (RA)

其中後三者與你的大學在校成績有很大的關聯。若是想申請上國際一流學府,大學期間必須努力不懈。而第四者常見於理工科系(STEM)的博士班學生,碩士班較難獲得。

考試方式
在國外的教學以及唸書方法往往有別於國內。國內大學因為教育政策影響,是錄取困難,畢業容易。產生所謂「由你玩四年」的說法。在國外一流大學,讀研究所的學生往往是來自世界各地的精英,讀書挑燈夜戰,甚至畢不了業是常有的事。如果在國內習慣死背硬記得高分的學生,或是考試總是拿滿分的學生,在國外不見得會受到教授青睞。反而是有創造力、批判精神,以及能動手解決問題的學生常常被認為是一流的學生。


出國留學的好處

 講了這麼多出國留學的困難是否嚇到心底才剛萌芽的你呢?還是更激起你挑戰困難的雄心壯志?接下來我們來談談留學帶來的好處。以下略舉幾點。

 找工作

台灣的新鮮人起薪並不高,而且台灣的產業政策不明確,表現每況愈下。加上物價以及房價高漲,年輕人不但工時幾乎全球最長,房價所得比全球最低,對於在台灣的生涯發展可能也難以抱有期待。與其受限於國內低劣的工作條件,何不向外發展,前往工作待遇高,生活品質高的國家工作?

然而,這一點並不容易。因為各國無不想要網羅頂尖人才,同時防止本國的福利資源受到外國人濫用。出國深造,培養自己的專業能力以及溝通能力,絕對能讓自已的工作能力大大提升,獲得外國公司的青睞。以美國為例,加州的矽谷因為網路業的興盛,人才十分短缺,因此許多美國名校資訊科系畢業的大學生在還沒畢業前就已經找到待遇極佳的工作。而在美國名校畢業的理工碩博士也常常能找到可以發揮所長的工作。此外,新加坡,韓國,甚至中國也都在大力網羅世界頂尖人才。如果你夠優秀,實在不必忍受國內糟糕的就業環境。

做研究

老實說,台灣國立大學的硬體設備其實不輸國外一流大學。問題是國內研究所學生要接觸到世界各國前端的研究的機會實在有限。一是地處偏遠,二是國際合作的比率不高,往往念完書對於國外研究室的了解僅限於期刊論文。然而,身處歐美大學,前往哈佛、麻省理工、或是劍橋、蘇黎世聯邦理工等頂尖研究機構當面討教,或是參加各大學所舉辦的conference也不是太困難。如此頻繁的學術交流是國內難以匹敵的。許多歐美學校也常邀請該領域之頂尖學者進行學術演講或是訪問。這些機會都有助益學生建立該領域的人脈或是抓住最新研究潮流。

視野

台灣媒體為了顧及收視率往往不顧民眾知的權利,以國內政治口水,名人花邊,或是血腥暴力事件毒害台灣一般人民的視聽。長久下來導致多數台灣民眾缺乏國際觀以及對全球問題的關心,自外於國際社群。同時,台灣的地理封閉性和文化的單一性造成台灣人民對於全球或是東亞區域政治變化的無感及無知,導致台灣政治經濟長久以來無法擺脫狹隘的格局,成為一個國際化的經貿中心。在全球往來密切的今天,台灣像是一座孤島,一道隱形的牆隔開與世界的接觸。

出國留學,提供你以不同的觀點反思台灣。事情是不是只有一種解決方法?能不能以更大的格局尋求雙贏?看看各國對於教育、國家權力、社會福利、環保、還是經濟問題的處理以及辯論,你會發現自己思考的盲點,以及重新思考人生的意義。

機會

離開同質性過高的台灣,在世界各國流浪尋找落腳處,你會發現,處處是機會。你的思考與當地人是如此不同,往往能看見他們看不見的問題,並且提供解決方案。或許你的國際觀幫你發現一股趨勢,或是你發現台灣食物很受外國人歡迎。甚至國外興起一股東方熱,身在國外的你擁有更多的選擇。

移民

留學生常常在異國找到工作後,自然而然的取得了該國的居留權。對於嚮往已開發國家高品質生活的人,移民不啻為一個留學的好處。中國學生近十年來已經成為全球最大的留學生輸出國,一方面中國人口龐大,另一方面不能否認其低劣的生活條件以及就業環境成為中國人才的推力。自古以來,強國總是吸引各國人民移居。移民先進國家不但生活品質提高,同時也保障了生命財產的安全。

結語:

看完了以上介紹,無論你覺得自己適不適合留學,相信你對留學多了一些了解。若是你找到自己留學的動機,並有克服萬難的信念,或是你不安的靈魂讓妳不想留在台灣,想出去走走。那我們就可以開始進到下一個步驟了。










     



第二章:培植能力

留學沒有捷徑

   申請人必須不斷加強自己的能力,並且不斷以實質成績證明自己的進步,以證明自己有能力以及潛力成為領域內的佼佼者。不要期待自己能僥倖獲得評審的青睞,因為偉大的成功絕對不是僥倖。

   我從高三確定錄取大學之後就立定留學的志向。並且從大一就開始朝這個方向努力。並且立定進度表。然而,因為我的申請目標皆為目標領域內世界前五十名的學校,加上當時太過天真,第一次申請全部沒上。直到隔年經過一番反省,認清事實,改變策略,終於收到錄取通知。

  若是你在大學就訂定留學目標,其實,從大一就可以按部就班的開始努力。我們先來看一下戰鬥計劃:

 

專業能力

課業

1. GPA

  想要進入世界一流學府,GPA(grade point average)必須要好才能申請到好學校。因此在大學期間的GPA就非常重要。GPA的算法因校而異,但是原則上是成績乘以學分做加權平均。通常學校寄發的成績單(transcipt)上會有總成績對照的GPA。


申請美國學校時,對方常常會要求分別列出專業科目GPA (major GPA)以及 畢業最後六十學分GPA(last 60 GPA),所以主科分數重要性大於通識,大四大三的成績又比大二大一重要。GPA計算機

  為了拉高成績,有些人會建議修給分甜的課或是修比較簡單清鬆的課。若要申請到美國不錯的學校,好比說美國排名前三十的學校,GPA需要3.7(大約學業平均87分)以上比較有機會。若要申請美國前一百名的學校,GPA最好不要低於 3.0 (學業平均78)。切記,有些台灣大學(清華大學GPA換算表)採用最高4.3的grade point 算法,但是美國要求的是最高4.0的算法。所以要注意不要高估了自己的GPA。

2. 書券獎

申請美國名校時,學歷(curriculum vitae)上若能在課業表現上注明書券獎,那肯定能證明你的專業能力突出。

書券獎指的是全班前三名,亦或是全班第一名。通常英文寫做Dean's List,也就是學院長的名單。有些人會在 成績後註明 Top 5% of the class, 通常這也和書券獎的意義相同。由於美國學校每年收到來自全世界大學的申請資料,各校的給分標準不一,所以有時他們會要求申請者的成績必須在前班前20%。注意,這只是最低門檻(requirement)。

3. 獎學金

不要以為獎學金代表的只是金錢收獲。獎學金也是學業表現的指標。好比大學校內外常有什麼「優秀學生獎學金」、「台德交換獎學金」、「吳健雄獎學金」、「扶輪社獎學金」等等,都是有成績競爭性的,甚至有些獎學金是有國際公認性的,對申請學校有幫助。

 4.比賽           

  國際型的比賽可以客觀評量申請者的水平,因此是一個很好的學業評量標準。例如國際的機器人足球競賽,勝利者必然是打敗世界各方高手。若是在大學期間有機會參加國際型比賽,與全球知名學府的學生一較高下,務必把握機會。大學讀外文系的暢銷作家王文華曾提到他之所以可以申請上史丹佛商學院就是因為他曾在國際的英語辯論比賽獲選最佳辯士。

  然而,專業不相關的比賽對申請進入研究所並沒有太大幫助。例如游泳比賽冠軍不會對一個申請數學研究所的人有太大幫助。另外,校內或是太小型的比賽對申請學校沒有太大的加分。切記不要把小學國中高中的得獎寫在履歷內,越久遠或是越小的獎項月沒有價值。

  5.專題研究   

  對於研究導向的研究所來說,專題研究的成果直接反映申請者做研究的能力。是比學業成績來得更直接的指標。做研究必須要有發現問題、解決問題的能力。做研究的表現也可以判斷出一個人的個性適不適合作研究。例如耐性、抗壓性、人際關係等等。

  對於想要出國的人來說,大學期間最好參與專題研究,一方面確認自己對做研究的興趣,一方面證明自己不只是紙上談兵。做專題研究可以讓指導老師幫你寫一封推薦信,有力的推薦信甚至可以直接推薦你到外國大學。

  最好的情況裡,你在大學期間或許能夠發表一篇論文,或是參加conference報告。由於論文是一個研究成果的展現,因此能發表論文代表你已經對學術有所貢獻。站在教授的角度,他需要的是會做研究的研究員,而不是一個只會考試而不會獨立思考的學生。

語言   

    英文             

英文是世界上國際交流主要使用的語言,也是課堂溝通的語言。通常學校為要求申請人通過英文檢定,如TOEFL、IELTS、GMAT等。 以美國研究所為例,好的學校TOEFL要求至少為 85分, 而有些更要求到100分。IELTS主要用在英國,但是美國也開始慢慢接受,IELTS通常需要6.0以上,也有些學校要求到7.0。

  大學期間,必須多充實自己的英文能力,如閱讀英文學習雜誌,上校內英文授課的課,或是英文寫作課,還有參加英語演講社團。如果想要講一口流利的英文,可以上校內或是坊間的英語會話課。或是與校內的外國學生做語言交換。平時多看看TED的影片,可以試著把字幕關掉,或是多聽BBC的廣播,如果更有時間,可以上免費的雲端課程如Coursera, 聽聽外國教授上課。

     其他留學國語文

 大部分國家並不以英文為母語,因此除了基本英文能力之外有可能被要求必須具備一定程度的該國語言能力。就算讀的是以英文授課之國際學生學程,在日常生活中會幾句該國語言絕對能減少很多的不便。對於非英文授課之學位,如果是要前往日本就讀,那麼N1檢定通過應該是最基本的,如果是要前往德法等歐洲學校就讀,同過法檢,德福考試也是入學的基本條件。

工作經驗     

  雖然留學應該從大學就開始準備,而畢業後直接前往國外唸書,但是對於某些領域來說,工作經驗的重要性大於在校成績或是研究成果。例如商管領域幾乎所有的MBA都要求工作經驗。工作經驗對於申請工程領域的研究所也有很大的幫助。

  工作經驗在某些情況並不能為申請者加分,必須工作內容能與大學專業相輔相成才有加分效果。而對理學院而言,在企業的工作應驗可能不如在校的研究成果來得重要。

   工作經驗不僅增加對社會問題的了解,對申請研究所的動機以及目的會更有把握,也讓申請人在面試或是自傳上也更能有所發揮。

其他

    培養對新事物的好奇心

       好奇心對於申請人的影響比較間接。對於做研究來講,在專業中興趣廣泛比較能找到志趣相投的指導老師,對於人際交往來說,興趣廣泛的人比較不那麼無趣,可以豐富自己的言談,與同學相處愉快。同時異國生活中總是充滿新事物。對於新奇事物的好奇心可以幫助申請人更快融入環境,減少思鄉之苦。

     大學時代除了多閱讀書籍、多參與社交、社團之外、應該多接觸新事物,對未知的事情保持好奇,對害怕的事物勇於挑戰。遇到問題要有樂觀的思維,也要做最壞的準備。
     興趣廣泛的一大好處,就是能多吸收知識,並把申請過程中痛苦的語言考試化成學習的機會。無論是英文考試的閱讀測驗文章,還是聽力測驗的對話,把它們當做吸收新知的機會。這種廣泛學習的習慣能幫你省下來的學習時間非常可觀。例如,在文章中看到的句型結構如果換成是你,寫不寫得出來?模仿這些範文的寫作技巧,或是遣辭用句,絕對可以提升你的寫作表現。

     申請學校期間,你必須寫許多的英文文章,或是英文書信給教授、學校。這些作業曠日費時。與其用一種無可奈何的態度痛苦的做這些事,何不把這些繁瑣的事當作練習與陌生人溝通的機會?學習如何應對也是增進人際關係重要的一課。
    

   良好的體能

       良好的體能是一切的基礎。好的身體使人工作勤快,效率卓著。另外良好的體能可以應付異國的氣候變化,以及可能有的過敏反應。一個人出門在外,沒有親朋好友可以求救,但是自己的雙手萬能,雙腳無敵。有健康的身體加上健全的心理素質,才不會讓生活的瑣事影響了課業。

   人際溝通的技巧

   溝通技巧的重要性不亞於專業能力。能把自己的工作表現完美呈現,或是完整地讓教授,同學理解自己的想法,熟練的口語表達、上台簡報、或是臨場的幽默感在職場上或是在學術圈中都是不可或缺的能力。然而,表達能力往往是華人的弱項。華人內向害羞的個性,或是崇尚謙虛的美德,只該留在華人圈中。


   大學時代應把握上台報告的機會多鍛鍊自己的台風,以及多參與社團幹部、學生會的活動,讓自己在面對人群時能夠侃侃而談,甚至能唱作俱佳,這樣的表達能力絕對能讓人驚豔而對你印象深刻。

    獨立生活的能力 

平常應該學著打理自己的生活,從三餐到洗衣買菜,水電修繕等,在國外都需要自己應付。開車被視為基本技能。台灣人普遍較歐美人晚獨立生活,因此最好早早學會這些基本技能。






第三章:考試準備

美國留學考試最主要的考試有兩個,TOEFL(托福) 和 GRE(Graduate Record Examinations)

托福主要是美國留學的語言程度檢定。只要是英文非母語的外籍學生都必須通過一定門檻的托福成績才能申請美國的研究所。一般來說,托福成績的要求是在85分以上。


GRE

There are a number of limitations to the GRE in terms of predicting research success, but it is the only standardized metric admissions committees have access to. The weight given to the different sections of the GRE and the subject tests can vary substantially among departments.

Compensating for low GRE scores

A low GRE scores can be offset by a strong research record highlighted in the SOP and letters of reference. The SOP and letters of reference can also be used to make the admissions committee aware of any extenuating circumstances that may have lead to the low GRE scores. A Strong GPA can also help offset low GRE scores. The best way to offset a low GRE is to retake the GRE. The GRE is typically offered year-round for applicants. Upon receiving a lower-than-expected GRE score, you can, and should, immediately register for another GRE exam and begin preparing. Because of the short turn-around time, any preparation you did for the previous GRE should allow you to prepare much more quickly this time.
You are technically permitted to take the GRE once every 3 weeks, or 5 times a year. However, repeat testings are detrimental to your schedule, morale, and finances, so it might be best to keep taking the test only until you receive a satisfactory score that you feel will represent your target school's applicant criteria, not until you receive the best score you believe is possible for you.
Once you have received the score you are satisfied with, the ETS offers a service to allow you to selectively determine which scores you provide to schools you are applying to, called ScoreSelect. This way, you can present your best cumulative score to the applications committee without being concerned about an older test, or one where extenuating circumstances made you perform worse than expected.
After test day, you can send additional score reports for a fee, and select from these options for each report you'd like to send:
  • Most Recent option — Send your scores from your most recent test administration
  • All option — Send your scores from all test administrations in the last five years
  • Any option — Send your scores from one OR as many test administrations as you like from the last five years
You will select by specific test dates, so your scores are all from the same testing session.
This applies to both general and subject GREs.
The ScoreSelect option is available for both the GRE® revised General Test and GRE® Subject Tests, and can be used by anyone with reportable scores from the last five years.
Again, I want to add that, in my experience, the GRE is a 'filter', nothing more. In many cases, even low GREs will be considered and not automatically discarded. Most top admissions panels do not accept one candidate over another simply based on GRE. I know for a fact that some colleges don't even require candidates to submit GREs. When I was applying to CS Ph.D. programs a few years ago, for example, I noticed that MIT did not require GRE scores to be submitted.

TOEFL

Improve your English and take the TOEFL again; generally schools have minimum TOEFL scores, and taking a student whose English isn't good enough can be a huge headache. Some schools in the US will do phone/Skype interviews with foreign prospective students to get a sense of their English.

Meeting the minimum requirements

Every university/department handles the stated minimum requirements differently. Sometimes a hard threshold is used such that if an application fails to meet all the minimum requirements, it will not be considered at all. Other times, the threshold is soft, and applications that do not meet all (or some) of the minimum requirements will still be considered. If you do not meet the minimum, only the department you are applying to can tell you if you are eligible to apply.


第四章:選擇學校


選擇學校第一個就是要確定自己能夠有學校念。一般來說申請數量基本上二十所起跳。如果準備妥當,申請二十所大概就有機會上。在選校之前,最好先確定自己的研究方向,並且利用之前參與畢業論文、專題研究的經驗選出有相關連的實驗室所在的學校。並針對其中又興趣的實驗室進行接觸,對對方文章提出問題以及表達興趣。越早開始越好。另外,可以參考US NEWS 或是 上海交大作出的學校排名進行初步階段的篩選,選出自己比較有可能上的學校。如果只有大學畢業,沒有研究經驗,一般來講是很難申請上美國 TOP40大學的博士班(台大畢業例外)。清華,交大,成大建議讀完碩士,對研究比較有感覺以及有成果後,再進行申請,比較容易進到美國 TOP40 的學校。


  1. Select your research area and actively check out the profiles of relevant professors/post-docs/grad students (in that order) at the schools you are thinking of applying to. Check out their publications, and try to read (or at least skim) one representative publication before you start forming an opinion. The goals of this step are three-fold:
  • (a) It will give you a good idea of how productive a research group is, and whether a professor is even accepting (or currently has) students. This is closely tied to the funding situation of that professor.
  • (b) It will make you more informed about whether you really want to join that research group. What looks interesting at the high-level is not necessarily as exciting once you get into the nuts and bolts of the research.
  • (c) If you discover a really good 'fit' (which is the best outcome of this exercise; trust me), you can use that in a big way in your application. In CS for example, students often post their code or demos. Download those and tinker with them. Apply them to new datasets. Have fun with what's available. I'm sure similar things can be done in other research areas.
  1. After you have done (1), try to make contact with the faculty member of your choice. At the same time, also try to establish connections with the grad students. My adviser once showed me a list of potential Ph.D. candidates he was screening, and asked me if by chance I'd heard of any of them. As it turned out, I did know one, through early contact. Needless to say, she got the position. The rest of her application didn't even really matter at that point. Note that the reason you should do this step after (1) is to enable you to write an 'intelligent' note to the person you're contacting. It's a good idea to not mention that you're applying at all in your early emails. Instead, try to start a conversation around the actual research. Show that you're interested and that you know what you're talking about. Become a familiar name in that group. 
  2. ...and finally, make sure to attend lots of talks by visiting faculty in your undergrad university. You don't know where that will lead you. If someone's talk influences you to pursue an area of research, that's an excellent thing to reference in your SOP.

第五章:申請文件


推薦函

References

You'll want at least one very strong reference for a top 10 program, and in many cases two strong letters (three is actually quite a stretch). See my note above for how you can secure at least one very strong letter by doing a senior thesis. Try also to aim for at least one research internship during your undergrad. This could lead to a second strong letter from a researcher in your area. Letters from industry don't usually have the same appeal for academics.

第六章:Statement of Purpose(SOP)

Statement of Purpose (SOP)

Make sure you understand the conventions and expectations around statements of purpose in your field. In some fields, something fairly generic will suffice, and in others, it could be the DECISIVE component of your application. Talk to professors in the field you trust about whether your approach to the statement of purpose is an appropriate one.
This is also the 'fairest' part of your application. If you're passionate about the research you want to do, it will show up in your SOP unless you're a poor writer (in which case, you might want to reconsider the Ph.D. until you're a decent one; good writing/communication is essential for successful researchers). As I wrote in my own post down below, there are several proven techniques of getting a strong SOP. I'll detail the best ones here, which everyone can and should follow (but many don't). One approach you might take before you even start writing your SOP is to: 
  1. Select your research area and actively check out the profiles of relevant professors/post-docs/grad students (in that order) at the schools you are thinking of applying to. Check out their publications, and try to read (or at least skim) one representative publication before you start forming an opinion. The goals of this step are three-fold:
    • (a) It will give you a good idea of how productive a research group is, and whether a professor is even accepting (or currently has) students. This is closely tied to the funding situation of that professor.
    • (b) It will make you more informed about whether you really want to join that research group. What looks interesting at the high-level is not necessarily as exciting once you get into the nuts and bolts of the research.
    • (c) If you discover a really good 'fit' (which is the best outcome of this exercise; trust me), you can use that in a big way in your application. In CS for example, students often post their code or demos. Download those and tinker with them. Apply them to new datasets. Have fun with what's available. I'm sure similar things can be done in other research areas.
  2. After you have done (1), try to make contact with the faculty member of your choice. At the same time, also try to establish connections with the grad students. My adviser once showed me a list of potential Ph.D. candidates he was screening, and asked me if by chance I'd heard of any of them. As it turned out, I did know one, through early contact. Needless to say, she got the position. The rest of her application didn't even really matter at that point. Note that the reason you should do this step after (1) is to enable you to write an 'intelligent' note to the person you're contacting. It's a good idea to not mention that you're applying at all in your early emails. Instead, try to start a conversation around the actual research. Show that you're interested and that you know what you're talking about. Become a familiar name in that group. 
  3. ...and finally, make sure to attend lots of talks by visiting faculty in your undergrad university. You don't know where that will lead you. If someone's talk influences you to pursue an area of research, that's an excellent thing to reference in your SOP.
How does all this relate to the SOP? Well, essentially the SOP is your (diplomatic) chance to show your committee that you did this and more. You can drop faculty names you've successfully contacted, and even reference papers. You can personalize each application. Most SOPs don't cite even a single paper. Citing a paper though will move your application up another notch in the eyes of an academic committee.
Having reviewed certain applications, I would also like to mention one major flaw that shows up in the majority of the SOPs that get rejected. The SOP is NOT the document where you should ever get too 'personal'. Don't waste too many words talking about how you want to be the next Albert Einstein. I'm not saying it should all be dry, but make every word as objective (and verifiable) as you can. This is generally true, but especially so for the STEM programs out there. Academics are impressed by crisp, concise writing.

Compensating for a poor SOP

Compensating for a poor SOP is very difficult. A high GPA and perfect GRE scores will do little to help an applicant who has difficulties writing about research. In some fields, past research experience is expected, while in other fields the ability to write about research intelligently may suffice in convincing the admissions committee to admit you, even if you don't have experience doing research. Strong letters of reference can, to some extent, address a weak statement of purpose. However, there is generally a strong correlation between the strength of letters of reference and past research experience. If you have no official research experience, try and get letters of recommendation from professors where you completed a class research project that got a good grade. Even if you didn't do supervised research with the professor, the professor may be able to comment on your research skills and successes. Definitely contact the professor and remind them of your class project, and the grade you received. Summarize it, and attach the project to the professor so they can refer to it.

第六章:Statement of Purpose(SOP)

Statement of Purpose (SOP)

申請美國研究所通常只要求學士畢業,因此在SOP地撰寫上必較不會要求具體的描述 Research interest. 通常SOP的字數大概是一到兩頁A4,14號字體。以一般網路上可以看到的SOP寫法,通常分成五段。

第一段 a short introduction and summary
簡潔地寫出你為什麼要申請這個項目,你的career goal, 為什麼選擇這個學校,以及你能對這個學校的研究做出什麼貢獻。大約五句話。

第二段 a short explanation of your motivation of studying XXX
簡潔地寫出為何你想要申請這個領域。大概三句話。

第三段 大學的訓練
EX:A課 啟發了興趣, B課 修得很好 ,C課 研究所的課,與申請的研究領域相關
EX :  前沿領域演講 Seminar , 或者是聽某領域大師演講, 或是修系外相關課程

第四段 研究經驗
跟哪個老師做什麼研究 ,研究的課題,學到什麼東西,對這個領域的貢獻。
這段要具體。

第五段 展望未來
未來在博士班想要研究的領域,以及有興趣合作的老師。你之前的研究對這個老師的實驗室可能的幫助。這段要具體,詳細。最好提到兩到三個 professors.並且針對他們的實驗方法下手。

第六段 Why here ?
為什麼選擇這個學校 , 簡潔三句話。


在開始動筆之前...

確認該系對SOP 內容的要求。通常可在申請的 Q&A 網頁找到。

Make sure you understand the conventions and expectations around statements of purpose in your field. In some fields, something fairly generic will suffice, and in others, it could be the DECISIVE component of your application. Talk to professors in the field you trust about whether your approach to the statement of purpose is an appropriate one.
This is also the 'fairest' part of your application. If you're passionate about the research you want to do, it will show up in your SOP unless you're a poor writer (in which case, you might want to reconsider the Ph.D. until you're a decent one; good writing/communication is essential for successful researchers). As I wrote in my own post down below, there are several proven techniques of getting a strong SOP. I'll detail the best ones here, which everyone can and should follow (but many don't). One approach you might take before you even start writing your SOP is to:

閱讀該教授的論文,確認的確是你有興趣的方向。

  1. Select your research area and actively check out the profiles of relevant professors/post-docs/grad students (in that order) at the schools you are thinking of applying to. Check out their publications, and try to read (or at least skim) one representative publication before you start forming an opinion. The goals of this step are three-fold:
    • (a) It will give you a good idea of how productive a research group is, and whether a professor is even accepting (or currently has) students. This is closely tied to the funding situation of that professor.
    • (b) It will make you more informed about whether you really want to join that research group. What looks interesting at the high-level is not necessarily as exciting once you get into the nuts and bolts of the research.
    • (c) If you discover a really good 'fit' (which is the best outcome of this exercise; trust me), you can use that in a big way in your application. In CS for example, students often post their code or demos. Download those and tinker with them. Apply them to new datasets. Have fun with what's available. I'm sure similar things can be done in other research areas
聯絡教授,問是否有在招學生,對教授的研究課題提問。


  1. 2. After you have done (1), try to make contact with the faculty member of your choice. At the same time, also try to establish connections with the grad students. My adviser once showed me a list of potential Ph.D. candidates he was screening, and asked me if by chance I'd heard of any of them. As it turned out, I did know one, through early contact. Needless to say, she got the position. The rest of her application didn't even really matter at that point. Note that the reason you should do this step after (1) is to enable you to write an 'intelligent' note to the person you're contacting. It's a good idea to not mention that you're applying at all in your early emails. Instead, try to start a conversation around the actual research. Show that you're interested and that you know what you're talking about. Become a familiar name in that group.

  2. ...and finally, make sure to attend lots of talks by visiting faculty in your undergrad university. You don't know where that will lead you. If someone's talk influences you to pursue an area of research, that's an excellent thing to reference in your SOP.
How does all this relate to the SOP? Well, essentially the SOP is your (diplomatic) chance to show your committee that you did this and more. You can drop faculty names you've successfully contacted, and even reference papers. You can personalize each application. Most SOPs don't cite even a single paper. Citing a paper though will move your application up another notch in the eyes of an academic committee.
Having reviewed certain applications, I would also like to mention one major flaw that shows up in the majority of the SOPs that get rejected. The SOP is NOT the document where you should ever get too 'personal'. Don't waste too many words talking about how you want to be the next Albert Einstein. I'm not saying it should all be dry, but make every word as objective (and verifiable) as you can. This is generally true, but especially so for the STEM programs out there. Academics are impressed by crisp, concise writing.

Compensating for a poor SOP

Compensating for a poor SOP is very difficult. A high GPA and perfect GRE scores will do little to help an applicant who has difficulties writing about research. In some fields, past research experience is expected, while in other fields the ability to write about research intelligently may suffice in convincing the admissions committee to admit you, even if you don't have experience doing research. Strong letters of reference can, to some extent, address a weak statement of purpose. However, there is generally a strong correlation between the strength of letters of reference and past research experience. If you have no official research experience, try and get letters of recommendation from professors where you completed a class research project that got a good grade. Even if you didn't do supervised research with the professor, the professor may be able to comment on your research skills and successes. Definitely contact the professor and remind them of your class project, and the grade you received. Summarize it, and attach the project to the professor so they can refer to it.

第八章:面試

我有三次面試的經驗,一次是連面試都沒面就被有條件錄取了。

面試有幾點必須注意。

如果沒辦法親自去學校面試,通常學校會安排電話或是網路面試。這時學校會跟你預約時間。切記時間轉換不要大意,誤了大事。當然也有學校隨興所至,就給你來了電話。你很可能會錯過,但是這表示學校可能shortlist 了你,但是不是真的很想要你。

時間安排妥當,接下來就是準備要被問的問題,以及你想要問的問題。
準備問題應該對對方研究所的研究方向下功夫暸解,這樣可以大大提升被錄取的機會。
通話前半小時應該就位在電話或電腦旁,然後把自己英文的口條理順。

基本上會問的問題是針對 reseme上面的研究經歷。例如請你描述這個研究的背景以及結果,以及你在裡面負責了什麼。然後會問你可能比較專業相關的一些問題,好比在研究方法上使用的條件等。這部分除了確認你沒有對經歷灌水外,也確認你的英文表達能力。

他們會接著問一些基本的學科問題好比說描述馬克斯威方程,或是量子基本假設以測試你對物理的認識程度。我在進行對海德堡大學物理系的面試時,就被問了這麼一題。

然後那們會開始針對Statement of Purpose 的部分進行提問。這部分是評估你對這個PhD program是否具備足夠的熱情,以及準備妥當。這部分也很重要因為或許你的成績很好,但是沒有熱情也沒有紀錄證明你的投入。他們會問你當初為什麼做這項專題,而這項專題與你選擇了這條路有什麼關係,也會問你如果不能做你想要做的領域,你會做哪個領域,為什麼?這邊你必須事先想好合理的解釋,誠實回答。通常不外乎因為熱情以及實際兩者之間的考量,這邊沒有標準答案,但是必須與你在SOP上的邏輯一致。我在這邊大概得了不少印象分,因為我是先研究了海德堡大學物理系的研究方向,一答之下,對方就知道我做了功課。

最後,他們會問你你是否有問題,千萬把握機會,問自己有多可能被錄取,以及一些對方學校生活的概況,可以放鬆的做一些問答。因為基本上到了面試階段,被錄取的機率已經大大提高了。有些教授會直接告訴你,你非常有可能被錄取,那恭喜你,你可以鬆一口氣了!