Showing posts with label gre. Show all posts
Showing posts with label gre. Show all posts

TOEFL 英文寫作常用語

文章結構

列舉論點:

To start, To begin with, First, First of all, Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Lastly, Finally, In the end

Besides, Moreover, Additionally, In addition, furthermore, Also, likewise, Most importantly


下結論:

As a conclusion, In conclusion, In summay, To sum up, All in all, In short

常用連接詞:

And, so, for, but, yet,

常用轉折詞:

However, Yet, Still, (Nonetheless, Nevertheless), While, Whereas, 
雖然
Though, regardless of, In spite of, Despite
相反地
By contrast, In contrast, On the contrary, Instead, Instead,



因果關係
So, Therefore, As a consequence, As a result, Hence, Consequently

因為

Because, the end result is that, for the reason that,
既然
Since,

導致/造成

Cause to V / Cause N , Lead to ; Bring about, Result in, account for
肇因於
Because of, Result from, Stem from, Due to, Thanks to, Owing to,

表示程度
當然的、絕對的、不能否認的 
Definitely, certainly, absolutely, Of course, undoubtedly, admittedly, undeniably, understandably, it is well-justified, it is justifiable.

可能的

   Presumably, probably, possibly, potentially, likely, perhaps
武斷的
   Overbearing,
精明的 savvy, prudent  
精明 acumen
重要的、關鍵的
Essential, Significant, crucial, important, vital, critical, notable, pivotal, indispensible  
主要的
Prime, subprime, main, overriding, of priority  
輕微的
Slight, minute
不重要的、次要的
Insignificant, marginal, tangential, minor 

Issue


就(你我他)而言…

As far as I am concerned, As for me, To my opinion,
In my view/perspective/
From sb’s angle

考慮到

Considering, given, given that, when it comes to, with an eye on, in sight of, in terms of,  

即使/ 儘管

Even if, even though, / Aside from, Apart from, in spite of, despite



在某種程度上/層次上

To some extend, to the extend of, at __ level
在這個尺度下
To that extent, to that degree, insofar, in this context.
在某些情況下
Under some circumstances





根據 According to, Based on, on the basis of ,accordingly


~ 來說 Frankly/honestly/precisely/generally/narrowly/ fundamentally/  speaking


Basically, Actually, Apparently, Accordingly, Obviously, evidently, Ironically, Certainly, Understandably, Admittedly


目前Today, Nowadays, at present, to date.

過份強調: exaggerate, overstate, overemphasize, overweigh,
低估: underestimate, overlook,
勝過outdo, outweigh, outstand, outshine, outstrip
同意 concede/ accede/ agree
反對 disagree/ discord /oppose/disapprove
阻礙 inhibit/ impede/ obliterate
確保 ensure/
加劇 exacerbate/ aggravate/ 
減緩 emollient/ mollify/ alleviate/ sooth
增加 augment/ exalt/ promote/
減少 diminish/ abate/ enervate

假設

Assuming, suppose, if ,
理所當然
Take for granted, merited
理性的
Dispassionate
冷靜的
Reasonable, sensible,
公正的
Disinterested
偏見

Predisposition biases

GRE 單字準備

不需要背紅寶書


我認為不需要背紅寶書,因為紅寶書是把歷年所有GRE考題中出現過的字集結成冊,而非官方公佈的單字範圍。加上本人考試經驗中,GRE新制中很多字彙根本不在紅寶書內。也就是說,即是背完紅寶書還是一定會遇到沒見過的字。

除此之外,背單字不能逐字背,尤其是紅寶書中文解釋往往與英文單字有落差。不是說翻譯的不好,而是很多時候字義必須透過文章上下文理解。紅寶書的記憶法固然有效,但是靠諧音或是聯想,終歸死背硬記,而不能放入實際應用。

既然考試總會出現沒見過的字,那我們該怎麼辦?

我的三個準備方針


一、字首字根
       透過不斷做VERBAL的模擬試題,看到不會的字先試著去猜這個字的意思。好比利用字根我們可以判斷詞性,利用字首我們可以判斷詞義。基本上英文單字跟中文字一樣,有所謂的「部首」。好比說 in-, dis-, im-, un-等總是代表「不」什麼,如 inapt, dislike, immune, immoral, unethical等。 而 -al, -ive, -ary, -ful, -ane, -ble 總是代表形容詞結尾,-fy, -en 代表「使」怎麼樣。有了這些規則,我們可以去猜測一個字大概會是什麼意思。有些書專門介紹字根字首,平時沒事可以翻閱,慢慢累積對單字的感覺。

關於單字書,我推薦 新東方大愚 巴朗詞表。

二、文章閱讀
當我們閱讀GRE文章時,我們可以把不會的字圈起來,試著從上下文猜測字義。絕對不要放棄不猜,因為從犯錯中學習是最印象深刻的。這樣做的好處是我們可以知道這些字與文句的關係,也就是透過上下文去體會字義。如同我們與人對話時,可以由轉折詞,對方的想法,甚至對方使用的形容詞,去推測對方下一句大概會講的內容。對於一句無法理解的句子,我們可以透過該句子上下句使用的轉折詞,語態變化,去理解這句話是什麼意思。進而推測那個不認識的字可能的意思。等到閱讀測驗結束,我們可以回頭查字典。除了對照猜測之外,有可以重新閱讀上下文,重新理解文意,體會這個英文字該如何使用,是褒義貶義,要在什麼情境下使用。

例如exorcise(驅魔、擺脫不好的影響)這個動詞,我們不知道要說 I exorcise you a demon, 還是 I exorcise a demon from you 在有文章的情況下,我們可以看到例句:The psychiatrist helps the patient exorcise personal demons and guides hims toward mental wholeness. 我們從例句可知,要被祛除的的東西是直接受詞。

利用文章閱讀來被單字的好處是我們可以累積語感。這樣的訓練經過一段時間,我們對於不認識的字或是看不懂的句子的猜測會越來越準。同時我們也做完了VERBEL閱讀測驗,一箭雙雕。

關於文章閱讀,我推薦殺G四寶之 吳中東閱讀

三、填空測驗

GRE句子填空測驗常常要你選出同義字,反義字(synonym, anonym)。透過做題我們可以同時達到被單字以及知道其反義字的功效。這樣的好處是免除了一般單字書單字照字首排列的無意義背法。透過字義分類記憶,我們除了比較容易記以外,更能在寫作考試中彈性應用。 好比說你背了提升 enhance, 但是你不知道減弱undermine,你可能也知道舒緩 alleviate, 但是你不知道其反義詞aggravate。
透過填空測驗,你可以慢慢累積你的字庫,使你累積一堆隨手可用的同類常用單字,在argument寫作中互相替換,增加文采。這些字就是你的子彈,讓你在寫作時免於用詞枯竭。而體會這些字的微妙差異,也可以使你在意思的表達上更為準確。

如 alleviate, emollient, mollify, enhance, rise, increase,improve, relieve, brace, boost, promote, support 都有正向的意思,就是提升、緩和、支持等。
相反的,decrease, aggravate,  diminish, plummet,deteriorate, decline, decay, degenerate, degrade, recess, regress,weaken 都有倒退,惡化之意。

在句子填空中,也常見把意思相近的字做比較,顯現出相近字的微妙差異。
好比說,decline的強烈程度就不如 plummet, 而 deteriorate 通常指的是本來已經很糟了,但是現在更形惡化。

透過句子填空來被單字,也可以同時練習句子填空考題的出題類型,有效增加準備效率。

關於句子填空 我推薦殺G四寶之 陳聖文句子填空



以下為巴朗詞表單元單字以及單字造句範例:

Unit 25

The effete doggrel documented how the once ebullient poet, who is renown for his effervescent eclectic poems, became a dormant dogmatic old man that duped people with dross.      

document
doggerel
dogmatic
dormant
dross
dupe
ebullient
eclectic
effervescent
effete

Unit 26

Christine’s emaciated look elicited that the only efficacy of her egotistical effrontery to her boss last week is extra workload and less rests, instead of the embellished myth that egoism is the Elysian elixir to salary raise. 

emaciated 
elicit
efficacy
egoism
egotistical
effrontery
embellish
Elysian 
elixir

Unit 27

In the encomium for the successful entrepreneur’s empirical discovery that emulating behaviours of your peers can both emollient endemic frictions in work area and enhance collaborative productivity. However, the amateur entomologist enunciated,it enervates diversity and engender repression of individuality.

encomium
entrepreneur
empirical
emulate
emollient
endemic
enhance
entomology
enunciate
enervate
engender

Unit 28
The equable erudite scholar essayed to explain esoteric ephemeral experience in epistemology, but the estimable figure suddenly lost his equanimity and started to equivocate when he was asked about his obvious errant premise.
equable 
equanimity
equivocate
erudite
estimable
esoteric
ephemeral
epistemology
equivocate 
errant
essay    

Unit 29

The aetiology of ethnocentric ideology rooted in every Japanese people’s minds is the widespread euphemism for eugenics evinced throughout their primary education during WWII . However, the euphoria permeating the whole Japanese society due to its stupidity might exactly be its eulogy of the upcoming euthanasia. The etymology of euthanasia is eu ‘well’+thantos ‘death’. 

aetiology
evince,
ethnocentric,
euphemism,
eugenics,
euphoria,
eulogy,
euthanasia,
etymology

Unit 30

The expatriated priest tried to exculpate his follower by exhorting the government not to exact additional tax based on existential reason. He expatiating how this execrable act would exacerbate the already sunken morality, and would not exorcise the exigency of the country.

expatriate
exculpate
exhort
exact
existential
exigency
expatiate (sb of sth)
execrable
exacerbate
exorcise (sth bad) 


   

GRE 範文


作文題目大全
http://www.diyifanwen.com/waiyukaoshi/gre/index.htm

作文題目
https://docs.google.com/document/d/19Jue8BCj-A0Qi8tBoBg1TdvFTR7TBx5S6YmrZTvvK-A/edit


ISSUE 55 ARGUMENT 194
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SD8W-ZRTrCRvN6zoqfG1H2orgPQ72x5viNb4lTv7jIo/edit

ISSUE 114
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uyhFCm8WzxlH0fH9TJElKjE1y8WNWod94ES1Gytzx_A/edit

ISSUE 69
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EN4E6lmKBoMIZVcEn-30TWlfI1ixYkn4EtFsOzSnNM8/edit

ISSUE 68

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CJE7B009Mq681dkMsyCtPa6KrI44SUBeegbVCLk1Hk0/edit

ISSUE 38
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qjGX0u9s9BJEKlk9gBSDJ33fIfkcVkbk938m0K3UE50/edit

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wk8zJ-wi8Wgyp0k9XZ-UuvWo4peEB5uUA96xwFfmO7A/edit

ISSUE 48
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BCSziQQIdPGw8XzOf23BB2SGdeJWGAcNOagX1tR75ws/edit

ISSUE
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LBOjs9MOdrQ15EUWzSOqKSueWQb8Ukg9mHmDYHuNveY/edit

ARGUMENT 45
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LraP7rJ5g-Ydo1cXPXb5J6K9SKjVr-R1Zbw5yeqaPnU/edit

ARGUMENT 53
https://docs.google.com/document/d/16A08gxNF6SrRG2YSR4mzUA304BhexuN3UNJDYGFWCTg/edit

ARGUMENT 188
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NPJ72UI4fEchbFKNCTiX9mg0WpLjsn-2drcjeBzVouI/edit

ARGUMENT MASON RIVER
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vx5PsdmNT1mlE4I9LKrk5lhOo72c5ZuTOUDgM55pcSU/edit

ARGUMENT 48
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DZY2ATN_QXdXoMtezGLbGT2WSno_h6lpIhEOBejjJY0/edit

ARGUMENT 140
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FkolRpvhTAJQVgFL8j45UISPshGgX0Dl2RJirUtK00o/edit